Authorship, date of writing, and structure It has been called, by Patrick Olivelle-whose translation was published in 2013 by Oxford University Press-as the "most difficult translation project I have ever undertaken", parts of the text are still opaque after a century of modern scholarship, and the translation of Kautilya's masterpiece intrigue and political text remains unsatisfactory. The text is an ancient treatise written in 1st millennium BCE Sanskrit, coded, dense and can be interpreted in many ways, with English and Sanskrit being grammatically and syntactically different languages. Numerous translations and interpretations of the text have been published since then. Kangle published a critical edition of the text, based on all the available manuscripts. A new edition based on this manuscript was published by Muni Jina Vijay in 1959. In the 1950s, fragmented sections of a north Indian version of Arthashastra were discovered in form of a Devanagari manuscript in a Jain library in Patan, Gujarat. ĭuring 1923–1924, Julius Jolly and Richard Schmidt published a new edition of the text, which was based on a Malayalam script manuscript in the Bavarian State Library. During 1905–1909, Shamasastry published English translations of the text in installments, in journals Indian Antiquary and Mysore Review. The text was identified by the librarian Rudrapatna Shamasastry as the Arthashastra. A copy of the Arthashastra in Sanskrit, written on palm leaves, was presented by a Tamil Brahmin from Tanjore to the newly opened Mysore Oriental Library headed by Benjamin Lewis Rice. The text was considered lost by colonial era scholars, until a manuscript was discovered in 1905. 7.4 Book on strategy anticipating all scenarios.5.9 On spying, propaganda and information.5.8 Mines, factories and superintendents.5.5 Civil, criminal law and court system.5.4 Causes of impoverishment, lack of motivation and disaffection among people.5.3 Officials, advisors and checks on government.5.1 The need for law, economics and government.2 Authorship, date of writing, and structure.The text was influential on other Hindu texts that followed, such as the sections on kings, governance and legal procedures included in Manusmriti. The Arthashastra explores issues of social welfare, the collective ethics that hold a society together, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature, or by war, he should initiate public projects such as creating irrigation waterways and building forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected. The text incorporates Hindu philosophy, includes ancient economic and cultural details on agriculture, mineralogy, mining and metals, animal husbandry, medicine, forests and wildlife. It includes books on the nature of government, law, civil and criminal court systems, ethics, economics, markets and trade, the methods for screening ministers, diplomacy, theories on war, nature of peace, and the duties and obligations of a king. The title translates as "the science of wealth" ( अर्थ), but the book has a broader scope. The first English translation, also by Shamasastry, was published in 1915. Composed, expanded and redacted between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the Arthashastra was influential until the 12th century, when it disappeared. The text is likely to be the work of several authors over centuries. Some scholars believe them to be the same person, while a few have questioned this identification. The latter was a scholar at Takshashila, the teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. The Arthashastra ( Sanskrit: अर्थशास्त्रम्, IAST: Arthaśāstram) is an ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy.
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